Ion mechanism

Catalectic mechanism

NanoCid Can Kill these Bacteries

Bibliographic Footnotes

 

 

 

palladium ← silver → cadmium

Cu

Ag

Au

periodic table

 

 

General

Name, Symbol, Number

silver, Ag, 47

Chemical series

transition metals

Group, Period, Block

11, 5, d

Appearance

lustrous white metal

Atomic mass

107.8682(2) g/mol

Electron configuration

[Kr] 4d10 5s1

Electrons per shell

2, 8, 18, 18, 1
   

Physical properties

Phase

solid

Density (near r.t.)

10.49 g/cm³

Liquid density at m.p.

9.320 g/cm³

Melting point

1234.93 K (961.78 °C, 1763.2°F)

Boiling point

2435 K (2162 °C, 3924 °F)

Heat of fusion

11.28 kJ/mol

Heat of vaporization

258 kJ/mol

Heat capacity

(25 °C) 25.350 J/(mol·K)

 

Vapor pressure

P/Pa

1

10

100

1 k

10 k

100 k

at T/K

1283

1413

1575

1782

2055

2433

 

Atomic properties

Crystal structure

cubic face centered

Oxidation states

1 (amphoteric oxide)

Electronegativity

1.93 (Pauling scale)

Ionization energies

1st: 731.0 kJ/mol

2nd: 2070 kJ/mol

3rd: 3361 kJ/mol

Atomic radius

160 pm

Atomic radius (calc.)

165 pm

Covalent radius

153 pm

Van der Waals radius

172 pm

 

 

Miscellaneous

Magnetic ordering

diamagnetic

Electrical resistivity

(20 °C) 15.87 nΩ·m

Thermal conductivity

(300 K) 429 W/(m·K)

Thermal expansion

(25 °C) 18.9 µm/(m·K)

Speed of sound (thin rod)

(r.t.) 2680 m/s

Young's modulus

83 GPa

Shear modulus

30 GPa

Bulk modulus

100 GPa

Poisson ratio

0.37

Mohs hardness

2.5

Vickers hardness

251 MPa

Brinell hardness

24.5 MPa

CAS registry number

7440-22-4
   

Notable isotopes

 

Main article: Isotopes of silver

iso

NA

half-life

DM

DE (MeV)

DP

105Ag

syn

41.2 d

ε

-

105Pd

γ

0.344, 0.280,
0.644, 0.443

-

106mAg

syn

8.28 d

ε

-

106Pd

γ

0.511, 0.717,
1.045, 0.450

-

107Ag

51.839%

Ag is stable with 60 neutrons

108mAg

syn

418 y

ε

-

108Pd

IT

0.109

108Ag

γ

0.433, 0.614,
0.722

-

109Ag

48.161%

Ag is stable with 62 neutrons

111Ag

syn

7.45 d

β-

1.036, 0.694

111Cd

γ

0.342

-

 

                                           

The tale of antibacterial behavior of silver is not contemporary, and it was found out and applied, for example during wars, for recovery of soldiers' wounds, put a silver coin on it, and then tied it up, or for keeping the food safe they used silver dishes, they thought contagious diseases didn't incident in rich areas, because of using silver dishes.

Scientists find out different mechanisms for expressing how silver affects on germs. Just because of these mechanisms, germs can not adopt with silver or being resistant.

Today, it is possible for us to produce Nano Silver particles by means of Nano technology.

Nano Silver particles give us this possibility that with the least viscosity in ppm, have the most effective antibacterial behavior.

Between various mechanisms was found of Nano Silver.2 of them were considered obviously, as following

 

Ion mechanism:

In this mechanism, metal Nano Silver particles gradually, radiate Ag+ ions. These ions during replacement reaction change HS- bands in micro organism's membrane into AgS- bands, the result of this reaction, are daturation and wasting the microorganism.

 

Catalectic mechanism:

In this mechanism that is truer about Nano Silver composites.

Semi conductors, Nano Silver particles were put on Semi conductor bases, such as Tio2 or Sio2.

In this case, Semi conductor bases, without need to light power, because of decreasing electrons speed between capacity layer and conducting layer, atom get to stability state because of presence of positive cavities and compression of electrons.

In this case particle acts like an electro chemical pile and with oxidant O2 atom, O2- ion with hydrolyze H2O, produce OH+ that both are from active bases (in active O group)that are from the strongest antigerms agent various researches were done on kinds of germs regarding to Nano Silver particles impressing .

Up to now more than 600 kinds of germs were known such as HIV virus , that were been taking impression.

 

Following is more than 100 kinds of known germs with their reference:

 

NanoCid Can Kill these Bacteries :

Colloidal Silver "Documented" Medical Journals' Uses

The following is a list (of 100+) documented Medical Journal uses of silver for the treatment of various conditions, diseases and pathogens:


Anthrax Bacilli [2, 3]
Appendicitis (post-op) [3]
Axillae and Blind Boils of the Neck [10]
B. Coli [2]
B. Coli Communis [7]
B. Dysenteria [2]
B. Pyocaneus [2]
B. Tuberculosis [7]
Bacillary Dysentery [4]
Bladder Irritation [12]
Blepharitis [13]
Boils [10]
Bromidrosis in Axille [12]
Bromidrosis in Feet [10]
Burns and Wounds of the Cornea [13]
Cerebro-spinal Meningitis [3, 9]
Chronic Cystitis [10]
Chronic Eczema of Anterior Nares [10]
Chronic Eczema of Metus of Ear [10]
Colitis [4]
Cystitis [8]
Dacrocystitis [13]
Dermatitis suggestive of Toxaemia [4]
Diarrhoea [4]
Diptheria [3]
Dysentery [3,6]
Ear "Affections" [5]
Enlarged Prostate [12]
Epiditymitis [10]
Erysipelas [3]
Eustachian Tubes (potency restored) [8]
Follicular Tonsilittis [10]
Furunculosis [3]
Gonococcus [7]
Gonorrhoea [10]
Gonorrhoeal Conjunctivitis [10]
Gonorrhoeal Opthalmia [13]
Gonorrhoeal Prostatic Gleet [11]
Haemorrhoids [12]
Hypopyon Ulcer [13]
Impetigo [10]
Infantile Disease [16]
Infected Ulcers of the Cornea [13]
Inflammatory Rheumatism [3]
Influenza [11]
Interstitial Keratitis [13]
Intestinal troubles [6]
Lesion Healing [12]
Leucorrhoea [8]
Menier's Symptoms [8]
Nasal Catarrh [5]
Nasopharyngeal Catarrh (reduced) [8]
Oedematous enlargement of Turbinates without True Hyperplasia [9]
Offensive Discharge of Chronic Supporation in Otitis Media [10]
Ophthalmology [12]
Ophthalmic practices [5]
Para-Typhoid [3]
Paramecium [1]
Perineal Eczema [12]
Phlegmons [3]
Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis [10]
Pneumococci [2]
Pruritis Ani [12]
Puerperal Septicaemia [15]
Purulent Opthalmia of Infants [13]
Pustular Eczema of Scalp [10]
Pyorrhoea Alveolaris (Rigg's Disease) [8]
Quinsies [8]
Rhinitis [9]
Ringworm of the body [10]
Scarlatina [3]
Sepsis [16]
Septic Tonsillitis [10]
Septic Ulcers of the legs [10]
Septicaemia [5, 8]
Shingles [8]
Soft Sores [10]
Spring Catarrh [10]
Sprue [6]
Staphyloclysin (inhibits) [2]
Staphylococcus Pyogenea [7]
Staphylococcus Pyogens Albus [2]
Staphylococcus Pyogens Aureus [2]
Streptococci [7]
Subdues Inflammation [12]
Suppurative Appendicitis (post-op) [10]
Tinea Versicolor [10]
Tonsillitis [8]
Typhoid [3]
Typhoid Bacillus [14]
Ulcerative Urticaria [4]
Urticaria suggestive of Toxaemia [12]
Valsava's Inflammation [8]
Vincent's Angina [10]
Vorticella [1]
Warts [12]
Whooping Cough [8]

More recent articles have described silver being used to treat:

Adenovirus [5, 23]
Asper Gillus Niger [18]
Bacillius Typhosus [21]
Bovine Rotavirus [23]
Candida Albicans [18]
Endamoeba Histolytica (Cysts) [24]
Escherichia Coli [17, 18, 21]
Legionella Pneumophilia [17]
Poliovirus 1 (Sabin Strain) [23]
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa [17, 18]
Salmonella [22]
Spore-Forming Bacteria [24]
Staphylococcus Aureus [17]
Streptococcus Faecalis [17]
Vegetative B. Cereus Cells [24]

The following is a documented list of silver  resistant bacteria:

Citrobacter Freundii [20]
Enterobacter Cloacae [20]
Enterobacteriaceae (some strains) [19]
Escherichia Coli (some strains) [19]
Klebsiella Pneumoniae [20]
P. Stutzeri (some strains) [19]
Proteus Mirabilis [20]
Vegetative B. Cereus Spores [24]

Bibliographic Footnotes

1. Bechhold, H. "Colloids in biology and  medicine", translated by J.G.M. Bullow., D. Van Nostrand Company, New York, 1919, p. 367.
2. Ibid., p. 368.
3. Ibid., p. 376.
4. Searle, A.B. "The use of colloids in health and disease". (Quoting from the British Medical Journal, May 12, 1917) E.P. Dutton & Company: New York, 1919, p. 82.
5. Ibid., (Quoting from the British Medical Journal, Jan. 15, 1917) p. 83.
6. Ibid., (Quoting Sir James Cantlie in the British Medical Journal, Nov 15, 1913) p. 83.
7. Ibid., (Qouting Henry Crookes) p. 70.
8. Ibid., (Quoting J. Mark Hovell in the British Medical Journal, Dec. 15, 1917) p. 86.
9. Ibid., (Quoting B. Seymour Jones) p. 86.
10. Ibid., (Quoting C.E.A. MacLeod in Lancet, Feb. 3, 1912) p. 83.
11. Ibid., (Quoting J. MacMunn in the British Medical Journal, 1917, I, 685) p. 86.
12. Ibid., (Quoting Sir Malcolm Morris in the British Medical Journal, May 12, 1917) p. 85.
13. Ibid., (Quoting A. Legge Roe in the British Medical Journal, Jan 16, 1915) p. 83.
14. Ibid., (Quoting W.J. Simpson in Lancet, Dec. 12, 1914) pp. 71-72.
15. Ibid., (Quoting T.H. Anderson Wells in Lancet, Feb. 16, 1918) p. 85.
16. "Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office United States Army." United States Government Printing Office: Washington, v. IX, 1913, p. 628.
17. Moyasar, T.Y.; Landeen, L.K.; Messina, M. C.; Kutz, S.M.; and Gerba, C.P. "Disinfection of bacteria in water systems by using electrolytically generated copper, silver and reduced levels of free chlorine". Found in Canadian Journal of Microbiology. The National Research Council of Canada: Ottawa, Ont., Canada, 1919, pp. 109-116.
18. Simonetti, N.; Simonetti, G.; Bougnol, F.; and Scalzo, M. "Electrochemical Ag+ for preservative use". Article found in Applied and Environmental Microbiology. American Society for Microbiology: Washington, v. 58, 12, 1992, pp. 3834-3836.
19. Slawson, R.M.; Van Dyke, M.I.; Lee, H.; and Trevors, J.T. "Germanium and silver resistance, accumulation, and toxicity in microorganisms". Article found in Plasmid. Academic Press, Inc.: San Diego, v.27, 1, 1992, 73-79.
20. Thurman, R.B. and Gerba, C.P. "The  molecular mechanisms of copper and silver ion disinfection of bacteria and viruses". A paper presented in the First International Conference on Gold and Silver in Medicine. The Silver Institute: Washington, v. 18, 4, 1989, p. 295.
21. Ibid., p. 299.
22. Ibid., p. 300.
23. Ibid., p. 301.
24. Ibid., p. 302.
25. H.E.L.P. ful news, Vol. 9, No. 12., pp. 1-3